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Mareano leg 3 2023

Author(s): Kyrre Heldal Kartveit (IMR), Valérie Bellec (NGU), Josefina Johansson and Nils Piechaud (IMR)

Sammendrag

Cruise Report from Mareano Leg 3, 2023. The objective of the cruise was MAREANO mapping of areas in the outer Oslofjord adn Skagerrak, but also to recover lost equipment owned by the Institute of Marine Research (video rig) and the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (shellframe). The cruise was greatly affected by bad weather, necessitating alternative mapping areas outside the pre-planned areas of interest on several occasions due to this. Another aim of the cruise was to collect data with an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) while conventional cruise activities were ongoing.

1 - Abbreviations

The following Abbreviations are use throughout this report:

AUV : Autonomous Underwater Vehicle – here it is the Kongsberg Munin +.

CT : Conductivity and Temperature (but not Depth as is normal) – the AUV CT sensor does not collect pressure information that is converted into depth as standard, but it does have an altimeter/depth sensor as part of that navigation system so this data is also available.

CTD : Conductivity, Temperature and Depth sampling rosette

FFI: Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt (Norwegian Defence Research Establishment)

FOH: Forsvarets operative hovedkvarter (Norwegian Joint Headquarters)

HF: Hardanger fjord

HI : Havforskningsinstituttet or the Institute of Marine Research as it is called in English.

MBE : MultiBeam Echosounder

NGU : Norsk Geologiske Undersøkelse or the Norwegian Geological Survey as it is called in English.

SVO : Særlig Verdiful Område – translates to “Especially Valuable Area” and is a Norwegian management region that currently has no protection measures but indicates an area of particular ecological value.

2 - Aims

  • Recover the Chimera video rig that was lost during Mareano leg 2 (approximately 7 nm east of Tromøya.

    • Achieved

  • Assist FFI in recovering a shell frame from a dumping ground for munitions (post WWII) in the Norwegian Trench.

    • Achieved

  • Sample (physically and using video) Isidella corals along the slope south of Egersund for studies and gene sequencing.

    • Achieved

  • Perform full station physical sampling simultaneously with AUV dive.

    • Achieved

  • Gain experience with the placement and use of different equipment for cruises equipped with AUV, ROV and physical sampling gear.

    • Achieved

  • Perform various tests related to improving data quality with the AUV Munin+ and evaluate the position accuracy and navigational skills.

    • Partly achieved

  • Video sample areas in Skagerrak that cannot be mapped with conventional Mareano sampling due to challenging terrains and current conditions (which requires ROV).

    • Partly achieved

  • Obtain shallow core samples of bottom sedients both inside and outside of intensively trawled areas for studies of carbon storage in sediments.

    • Partly achieved

  • Complete three previously planned video stations that have not been sufficiently surveyed.

    • Deferred due to weather

  • Map trawl tracks and investigate the consequences of intensive trawling for seabed conditions, including carbon storage capacity in sediments.

    • Deferred due to weather

3 - Areas

 

Map of study area in the outer Oslo fjord with stations and areas of interest
Figure 1: Cruise map. Focus area, Skagerrak, can be seen in the large picture, while other activities are marked on the smaller overview map. (Image: Valérie Bellec)

 

The cruise was focused on areas with steep or challenging terrain in Skagerrak, where video sampling using a camera rig is not possible. A planning meeting at NGUs offices in Trondheim where we had access to restricted high-resolution bathymetry was carried out before the cruise in order to plan all targeted stations based on 1) terrain and 2) seabed substrate. This resulted in a total of 31 planned stations of priority as well as 18 backup stations of lower priority. We also planned four areas for AUV mapping, and two back-up areas in secluded areas close to land in case of challenging weather conditions. We had applied (and received permission) from FOH for declassification of seabed data in these areas before the cruise. In addition to the main interest area in Skagerrak, we had planned ROV dives south-west of Karmøy on the recently discovered wreck of a WWII U-boat and in the Isidella hot-spot outside Lindesnes. Due to extreme weather conditions we had to plan a new set of video lines inside the Hardanger fjord. We did not have a suitable declassified area inside the fjord, so AUV missions were not possible to conduct and were therefore not planned. The video stations in the fjord are marked on the inset map (HF).

4 - People

Name Surname Organisation Role
Valerie Bellec NGU Geologist (video, sampling)
Pål Buhl-Mortensen HI Biologist (video, sampling)
Reidulv Bøe NGU Geologist (video, sampling)
Lene Christensen HI Biologist (video, sampling) + AUV
Martin Dahl HI Instrument technician
Eyvind Ernstsen HI ROV pilot
Barbro Taraldset Haugland HI Biologist (video, sampling)
Kyrre Heldal Kartveit HI Cruise leader
Josefina Johansson HI Biologist (video, sampling)
Yngve Klungseth Johansen HI Biologist (video, sampling)
Aivo Lepland NGU Geologist (video, sampling)
Björn Löfqvist Ægir ROV pilot
Jörn Patrick Meyer HI AUV pilot
Leif Johan Ohnstad HI AUV pilot
Nils Piechaud HI Scientist - AUV
William Skjold HI ROV pilot
Silje Smith-Johnsen HI Data management
Terje Thorsnes NGU Geologist (video, sampling) + AUV
Table 1 : Cruise participants

5 - Activities

Priority

  • Recover the video rig Chimera (1)

  • Finish the two last (grts) video-stations in Skagerrak

  • ROV video stations (and physical sampling) in Skagerrak

  • Survey trawl marks (AUV + ROV-dives)

  • Carbon storage sediment sampling

  • Map modelled coral reef with AUV

  • Sample Isidella south of Egersund

  • Aid FFI in recovery of mussel rig

  • Sample a full station simultaneously with AUV-dive

Lower Priority

  • Video stations in the southern part of the Norwegian North Sea i SN

  • Sample additional full stations in Skagerrak

6 - Collected Data

Information regarding the data collected is shown in the following figures, as well as the overview map (figure 1). More details for each station are available in the day by day overview appendix, on the mareano webpage, or can be given upon request.

# Units Gear Short description
21 Stations Ægir6000 ROV video lines for mapping biology and geology
3 Stations CTD CTD stations for sound profiles for utilizing AUV with sidescan sonar and multibeam
810 n.miles Topas Topas lines for geoogical and sediment mapping.
7 Stations Small VV grab 7 grabs with small sediment grab for sampling and environmental analysis.
2 Haul Beam trawl Two beam trawl hauls at Mareano full-station for collecting benthic fauna. One successful, as the net was not sealed properly on the first try.
1 Haul Epibenthic sled One epibenthic sled haul for collecting benthic fauna.
20 Samples Ægir 6000 20 push core samples for marine geology.
20 Samples Ægir 6000 20 samples of benthic fauna with ROV manipulator.
Table 2: Station summary
Equipment Refstation No Sample No Station No Latitude Longitude Bottom Depth Datetime
CTD 0 472 1 5826.304 917.1973 428.88 09.10.2023 06:11
CTD 0 473 1 5852.423 1011.151 182.35 10.10.2023 06:01
CTD 0 474 1 5915.826 1033.589 192.47 11.10.2023 06:00
Video 3284 3446 1 5905.737 508.5402 169.25 08.10.2023 01:19
Small VV grab 3284 81 1 5905.762 508.5948 167.53 08.10.2023 02:43
Video 3366 3447 1 5850.101 941.5575 126.62 09.10.2023 19:38
Bioboks 3366 3447 1 5850.106 941.552 138.165 09.10.2023 20:01
Bioboks 3366 3447 2 5850.106 941.552 138.165 09.10.2023 20:01
Video 3367 3448 1 5850.111 946.8958 305.13 09.10.2023 22:43
Pushcorer 3367 3448 1 5850.116 946.888 304.996 09.10.2023 23:04
Pushcorer 3367 3448 2 5850.116 946.888 304.996 09.10.2023 23:04
Bioboks 3367 3448 1 5850.09 946.6935 211.105 09.10.2023 23:44
Bioboks 3367 3448 3 5850.09 946.6935 211.105 09.10.2023 23:44
Bioboks 3367 3448 2 5850.09 946.6935 211.105 09.10.2023 23:44
Video 3368 3449 1 5851.346 949.0112 257.16 10.10.2023 01:09
Pushcorer 3368 3449 1 5851.349 948.9837 255.673 10.10.2023 01:24
Video 3369 3450 1 5851.514 951.7833 372.03 10.10.2023 03:02
Pushcorer 3369 3450 1 5851.51 951.7725 405.553 10.10.2023 03:13
Video 3370 3453 1 5915.308 1034.265 318.92 11.10.2023 16:34
Pushcorer 3370 3453 1 5915.313 1034.253 325.715 11.10.2023 16:52
Video 3370 3454 1 5915.207 1034.173 226.09 11.10.2023 17:24
Video 3370 3455 1 5915.113 1034.098 166.77 11.10.2023 17:53
Pushcorer 3370 3455 1 5915.131 1034.115 175.676 11.10.2023 18:08
Video 3370 3456 1 5915.029 1034.044 124.94 11.10.2023 18:31
Pushcorer 3370 3456 1 5915.045 1034.049 137.66 11.10.2023 18:44
Bioboks 3370 3456 6 5914.996 1034.019 105.306 11.10.2023 19:02
Bioboks 3370 3456 2 5914.954 1033.995 88.22 11.10.2023 19:28
Bioboks 3370 3456 5 5914.954 1033.995 88.22 11.10.2023 19:28
Bioboks 3370 3456 1 5914.954 1033.995 88.22 11.10.2023 19:28
Bioboks 3370 3456 7 5914.954 1033.995 88.273 11.10.2023 19:32
Bioboks 3370 3456 4 5914.954 1033.996 87.96 11.10.2023 19:34
Bioboks 3370 3456 3 5914.954 1033.996 87.96 11.10.2023 19:34
Beamtrawl 3371 14 1 5847.769 1011.206 207.49 10.10.2023 08:59
Beamtrawl 3371 15 1 5847.833 1011.563 201.69 10.10.2023 10:03
RP-sledge 3371 28 1 5847.961 1012.783 192.76 10.10.2023 10:48
Small VV grab 3371 82 1 5847.894 1012.308 192.09 10.10.2023 12:51
Small VV grab 3371 83 1 5847.893 1012.309 192.01 10.10.2023 13:20
Small VV grab 3371 84 1 5847.893 1012.309 191.89 10.10.2023 13:48
Small VV grab 3371 85 1 5847.893 1012.309 192.04 10.10.2023 14:14
Boxcorer 3371 86 1 5847.894 1012.308 191.79 10.10.2023 14:49
Small VV grab 3371 86 1 5847.894 1012.308 191.79 10.10.2023 14:49
Small VV grab 3371 87 1 5847.894 1012.308 191.87 10.10.2023 15:18
Video 3372 3451 1 5854.571 952.4534 254.67 10.10.2023 18:58
Bioboks 3372 3451 1 5854.567 952.4639 247.999 10.10.2023 19:10
Pushcorer 3372 3451 1 5854.566 952.4579 247.785 10.10.2023 19:14
Video 3373 3452 1 5856.898 948.394 248.07 10.10.2023 21:46
Pushcorer 3373 3452 1 5856.917 948.3619 239.467 10.10.2023 22:07
Pushcorer 3373 3452 2 5856.92 948.405 239.938 10.10.2023 22:16
Pushcorer 3373 3452 3 5856.936 948.4551 240.063 10.10.2023 22:41
Pushcorer 3373 3452 4 5856.936 948.4551 240.063 10.10.2023 22:41
Pushcorer 3373 3452 5 5856.951 948.5154 240.028 10.10.2023 22:54
Video 3374 3457 1 5914.852 1033.959 161.02 11.10.2023 21:03
Pushcorer 3374 3457 1 5914.858 1033.948 152.671 11.10.2023 21:22
Video 3374 3458 1 5914.75 1033.894 132.65 11.10.2023 21:52
Bioboks 3374 3458 1 5914.723 1033.857 115.409 11.10.2023 22:06
Video 3375 3459 1 5914.577 1034.655 139.21 11.10.2023 23:02
Pushcorer 3375 3459 1 5914.592 1034.651 140.463 11.10.2023 23:10
Bioboks 3375 3459 1 5914.546 1034.868 156.839 11.10.2023 23:42
Video 3376 3460 1 5914.058 1034.996 145.07 12.10.2023 00:22
Pushcorer 3376 3460 1 5914.059 1034.974 137.73 12.10.2023 00:32
Video 3377 3461 1 5807.045 628.5348 344.71 13.10.2023 12:26
Bioboks 3377 3461 1 5807.054 628.5278 338.003 13.10.2023 12:38
Bioboks 3377 3461 2 5807.055 628.5266 337.954 13.10.2023 12:45
Pushcorer 3377 3461 1 5807.055 628.5261 337.963 13.10.2023 12:47
Bioboks 3377 3461 3 5807.13 628.6779 319.125 13.10.2023 13:19
Video 3377 3462 1 5807.124 628.6871 326.96 13.10.2023 13:22
Bioboks 3377 3462 1 5807.238 628.8977 298.098 13.10.2023 13:58
Video 3378 3463 1 5942.077 525.6296 172.31 14.10.2023 06:42
Video 3379 3464 1 5948.478 535.7652 178.56 14.10.2023 10:12
Pushcorer 3379 3464 1 5948.478 535.5481 164.649 14.10.2023 11:08
Bioboks 3379 3464 1 5948.478 535.5482 164.747 14.10.2023 11:10
Video 3380 3465 1 5956.957 547.1453 414.39 14.10.2023 13:47
Pushcorer 3380 3465 1 5956.966 547.1535 414.409 14.10.2023 13:54
Video 3381 3466 1 6020.063 615.7488 857.68 14.10.2023 18:19
Pushcorer 3381 3466 1 6020.06 615.7546 846.454 14.10.2023 18:47
Table 3: Complete station list

7 - Challenges

We had some major difficulties with weather conditions on the cruise. Waves of op to 12 meters in the North Sea made us withdraw into the fjords for the better part of the cruise. As we had some prioritized operations that demanded fair weather conditions we had to use the small weather windows to complete these at the expense of other activities. We sent an inquiry to end the cruise early due to the demanding conditions, but due to a major surge if ships going in to Bergen Havn and weekend approaching it was not possible to de-mobilise until the pre-planned date we decided to make the best of it and spent the last days surveying the Hardanger fjord.

7.1 - ROV

The Ægir6000 was surprisingly susceptible to wave action and, not least, current conditions. We experienced that a current strength of as little as 2 knots made diving with the ROV challenging. Based on this, we would recommend bringing the TMS if Ægir is to be used on expeditions during the winter season

7.2 - AUV

As somewhat feared in advance, the weather windows for AUV collection were few and short, and as a result, we were not able to use the vessel nearly as much as we wanted. This resulted in two successful dives in the Skagerrak that collected data of apparently good quality. Launch and recovery went well despite challenging weather conditions, which we view as positive.

7.3 - Deck space during the cruise

In one of the Skagerrak's AUV areas, a full station was conducted in parallel with the AUV dive. The deck space for processing samples was effectively resolved in consultation with the trawl boss and bridge. Cleaning and sorting stations on the port side of the trawl deck were well suited for MAREANO's samples. A small “breakwater” (molo) was placed in front of the grate on the stern of the vessel, which worked OK under the prevailing weather conditions, but in rougher seas, the grate should be able to be closed off with a solid plate or the breakwater significantly heightened to secure valuable samples during processing. We envision conducting physical sampling in AUV areas simultaneously where the AUV is operational on upcoming voyages.

8 - Appendix 1 – AUV dive plans

This cruise aimed at carrying out tests on the AUV function and particularly how the different acoustic instruments potentially interfered with each other and how much the AUV drifted throughout the dive by covering the same points at the beginning and end of the dive and with different instrument switched on.

Two divers were carried out and went relatively well and collected good data that will enable the intended tests. However, the weather did not allow further dives after the day 2 of the cruise so only 2 dives took place instead of the 6 intended.

8.1 - Dive 1:

This first dive took place at the a relatively flat 400m deep area in the southwesternmost declassified zone. It aimed at collecting acoustic data over an area where the presence of pockmarks and the general topographic setting led to the suspicion that it contained a lot of mud which could store vast amount of carbon.

 

Map with dive plan from AUV dive 1
Figure 2: Map showing location of dive 1 and the Path of the AUV over the seabed. The background in the close-up shows the local bathymetric 2m contours.

 

The AUV used the EM2040 Multibeam while flying at 70m in a grid pattern to provide full bathymetric coverage of the area at <1m resolution.

The Hisas sounder was also used in a grid pattern flying at 20m from the seabed to provide full coverage of the same area at high resolution

Finally a last line was carried out where the vehicle went back over the terrain it had previously surveyed and, particularly, at a noticeable feature that stood out and would be easily identifiable in the resulting surface thus acting as an ‘anchor’. This repetition will enable a precise measurement of the drift in AUV positioning throughout the mission by calculating the distance between the locations of the anchor feature in both MB lines that went over it. At the last point before the AUV started its ascend, the distance between the internal navigation and the navlab processed navigation was 4.85m. This less than 5m drift over 6 hours is considered low.

8.1.1 - Dive Plan 1

# Kongsberg Maritime AUV Mission Plan

# Saved 2023-10-09 14:01:19 by hugin

#:Tag Depth Alt DMo Latitude Longitude Course GMo Speed SMo Dur Dist Flags

# Speed up

:speed 0.0 30.0 D - - 234.0 H 2.30 S 30 - EMPowerOn

: = = = - - = = = = 30 -

# NB: Remember to set Safe 20m and Crit 10m distance in Startup parameters!

: = = = - - = = = = 30 -

# Are we waiting enough for payload to boot?

: = = = - - = = = = 1 - EMPowerOn

: = = = - - = = = = 1 - SASPowerOn

: = = = - - = = = = 1 - ETPowerOn

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

: = = = - - = = = = 10 -

: 0.0 = = - - = = = = 1 -

# Start dykk til 50m for aa sjekke at alt er ok, Jump here to repeat dive

:dive 50.0 = = - - = = = = 180 -

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

: 50.0 = = - - = = = = 180 -

# Jump from here to repeat dive, health check here

:health = = = - - = = 2.00 S 20 -

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

# Submerged, vehicle configuration

:config = = = - - = = = = 1 - RollCtrlOn

: = = = - - = = = = 1 - EM400Int

: = = = - - = = = = 1 - Auto

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

# Descent to working depth (100 m / 3 min), Activate HiSAS

:descent 300.0 70.0 D - - = = = = 720 - EMOn

: 400.0 70.0 T - - = = = = 180 -

# Lead-in to Survey Pattern

:leadin = = = 58:27.9368N 009:21.4817E (234) = = = - - Auto

:leadin = = = 58:27.8909N 009:21.4018E (222) = = = (57) (115)

: = = = 58:27.8475N 009:21.3591E (207) = = = (45) (91)

:mbline01 = = = 58:26.8607N 009:19.6104E (223) = = = (1250) (2500)

:mbturn = = = 58:26.7903N 009:19.7559E (133) = = = (96) (193)

:mbline02 = = = 58:27.7771N 009:21.5047E (043) = = = (1250) (2500)

:mbturn = = = 58:27.7067N 009:21.6505E (133) = = = (96) (193)

:mbline03 = = = 58:26.7199N 009:19.9013E (223) = = = (1250) (2501)

:mbturn = = = 58:26.6494N 009:20.0468E (133) = = = (96) (193)

:mbline04 = = = 58:27.6362N 009:21.7961E (043) = = = (1250) (2501)

:mbturn = = = 58:27.5658N 009:21.9418E (133) = = = (96) (193)

:mbline05 = = = 58:26.5790N 009:20.1922E (223) = = = (1250) (2501)

:mbturn = = = 58:26.5085N 009:20.3377E (133) = = = (96) (193)

:mbline06 = = = 58:27.4954N 009:22.0874E (043) = = = (1250) (2501)

:mbturn = = = 58:27.4249N 009:22.2331E (133) = = = (96) (193)

:mbline07 = = = 58:26.4381N 009:20.4831E (223) = = = (1250) (2501)

:mbturn = = = 58:26.3677N 009:20.6285E (133) = = = (96) (193) SASMode1

:mbline08 = = = 58:27.3545N 009:22.3787E (043) = = = (1250) (2501) SASHighPower

:em_stop = = = 58:27.4676N 009:22.4003E (006) = = = (105) (211) EMOff

# HISAS - set depth and altitude

:hisas_st 400.0 = = 58:27.5095N 009:22.3245E (317) = = = (53) (107) SASOn

: = = = 58:27.5476N 009:22.2459E (313) = = = (52) (104) CritHeight6

: = = = 58:27.5817N 009:22.1826E (316) = = = (44) (88) SafeDist10

: = 20.0 = 58:27.8194N 009:21.6825E (312) = = = (328) (657)

# Lead-in to Survey Pattern

:leadin = = = 58:27.7928N 009:21.4667E (257) = = = (107) (216) ETOn

:l01 = = = 58:26.8000N 009:19.7455E (222) = = = (1245) (2490)

: = = = 58:26.7692N 009:19.8103E (132) = = = (42) (85)

:l02 = = = 58:27.7620N 009:21.5316E (042) = = = (1245) (2490)

: = = = 58:27.6787N 009:21.7072E (132) = = = (115) (230)

:l03 = = = 58:26.6858N 009:19.9858E (222) = = = (1245) (2491)

: = = = 58:26.6551N 009:20.0506E (132) = = = (42) (85)

:l04 = = = 58:27.6479N 009:21.7721E (042) = = = (1245) (2491)

: = = = 58:27.5647N 009:21.9476E (132) = = = (115) (230)

:l05 = = = 58:26.5718N 009:20.2261E (222) = = = (1245) (2491)

: = = = 58:26.5410N 009:20.2909E (132) = = = (42) (85)

:l06 = = = 58:27.5339N 009:22.0125E (042) = = = (1245) (2491)

: = = = 58:27.4506N 009:22.1880E (132) = = = (115) (230)

:l07 = = = 58:26.4577N 009:20.4664E (222) = = = (1245) (2491)

: = = = 58:26.4269N 009:20.5312E (132) = = = (42) (85)

:l08 = = = 58:27.4198N 009:22.2529E (042) = = = (1245) (2491)

# MB check

: = = = - - = = = = 1 - SASOff

: 400.0 70.0 = 58:27.6712N 009:21.9254E (042) = = = 1 - EMOn

:em_leadi 400.0 70.0 = 58:27.7069N 009:21.6522E (284) = = = (136) (274)

:mb_check = = = 58:26.6496N 009:19.7760E (223) = = = (1340) (2681)

: = = = 58:26.0763N 009:18.7772E (222) = = = (720) (1442) Ascent

8.2 - Dive 2

The second dive took place over a relatively flat 200m deep zone in the easternmost declassified area.

The aim wsa to cover as much surface as possible during a short window of weather suitable for recovery of the AUV. The whole dive could not be carried out and had to be aborted after 4h 50m to ensure safe recovery on board. Hisas data was collected in a grid pattern flying at 20m altitude to offer a high resolution view of the seabed so small objects could be visually detected Initial inspection of the hisas data also revealed large number of trawlmarks. Sub-bottom profiler was also switched on during the dive for an assessment of the sensor by geologists.

 

Map with dive plan from AUV dive 2
Figure 3: Dive plan of Dive 1 and the bathymetry in the eastern AUV area. The the local bathymetric contours are 5m.

 

8.2.1 - Mission plan Dive 2

# Kongsberg Maritime AUV Mission Plan

# Saved 2023-10-10 06:21:14 by hugin

#:Tag Depth Alt DMo Latitude Longitude Course GMo Speed SMo Dur Dist Flags

# Speed up

:speed 0.0 20.0 D - - 180.0 H 2.30 S 30 - EMPowerOn

: = = = - - = = = = 60 - SASPowerOn

# NB: Remember to set Safe 20m and Crit 10m distance in Startup parameters!

: = = = - - = = = = 1 - ETPowerOn

# Are we waiting enough for payload to boot?

: = = = - - = = = = 1 - SafeDist10

: = = = - - = = = = 1 - CritHeight6

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

: 0.0 = = - - = = = = 1 -

# Start dykk til 30m for aa sjekke at alt er ok

:dive 100.0 = = - - = = = = 180 -

: 100.0 = = - - = = = = 180 -

# Jump from here to repeat dive, health check here

:health = = = - - = = 2.00 S 20 -

: = = = - - = = = = 1 - Auto

# Submerged, vehicle configuration

:config = = = - - = = = = 1 - RollCtrlOn

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

: = = = - - = = = = 1 - SASHighPower

: = = = - - = = = = 1 - SASMode1

: = = = - - = = = = 1 - ETOn

# Descent to working depth (100 m / 3 min), Activate HiSAS

:descent 195.0 = T - - 180.0 = = = 360 - SASOn

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

: = = = - - = = = = 1 -

:setalt = 20.0 = - - = = = = - -

# Lead-in to Survey Pattern

:leadin = = = 58:51.7434N 010:10.4904E (180) = = = - -

:ns_01 = = = 58:48.0441N 010:11.8531E (169) = = = (3495) (6992)

: = = = 58:48.0356N 010:11.7662E (259) = = = (42) (85)

:sn_02 = = = 58:51.7344N 010:10.4041E (349) = = = (3495) (6991)

: = = = 58:51.7111N 010:10.1688E (259) = = = (115) (230)

:ns_03 = = = 58:48.0122N 010:11.5316E (169) = = = (3495) (6991)

: = = = 58:48.0039N 010:11.4437E (260) = = = (43) (86)

:sn_04 = = = 58:51.7012N 010:10.0822E (349) = = = (3494) (6988)

: = = = 58:51.7660N 010:10.7268E (079) = = = (315) (632)

:ns_05 = = = 58:48.0673N 010:12.0882E (169) = = = (3495) (6991)

: = = = 58:48.0758N 010:12.1750E (079) = = = (42) (85)

:sn_06 = = = 58:51.7747N 010:10.8139E (349) = = = (3495) (6991)

:endhisas = = = 58:51.8795N 010:10.7705E (348) = = = (99) (199)

# position check

: = = = 58:51.8200N 010:10.6035E (235) = = = (97) (195)

: = = = 58:51.7808N 010:10.2052E (259) = = = (194) (390)

: = = = 58:51.7013N 010:10.0824E (219) = = = (94) (189)

# position check?

:pos_chk = = = 58:50.5320N 010:10.5133E (169) = = = (1105) (2210)

: = = = - - = = = = - 50 Ascent

9 - Appendix 2 – Biology summary

Location P No R no VL Notes
KB-Utsira P36 3284 3446 Ikke logging. test ROV ved ubåt HMS Thistle.
Skagerrak P37 3366 3447 Biology: Plukket: porifera branched dense. Over en kløft. Fjellvegg ned og opp dekket i novocrania, viftesvamp(VME sponge garden), serpulidae. Mixed sediments på bunn av kløft, og siste del på toppen av vegg , munida, stichastrella,Bonellidae og noe viftesvamp.
Skagerrak P38 3367 3448 Climbing up a steep wall. Rich fauna. Sponge garden all the way(Axinellidae). Dense population of basketstars in the beginning. Lots of lost fishing gear. Nephrops eating Myxine in the start. 2 cores in the start. Rock with porifera picked by ROV.
Skagerrak P145 3368 3449 Seapen garden with funiculina and sponge garden with Porifera branched dense, Phakellia, Axinella, Axinellidae alternating VMEs
Skagerrak P44 3369 3450 Svamphager (geodial, Porifera branched dense). Pandalider.
Skagerrak P41 3372 3451 Virularidae red sampled at start. Station aborted 19:25 due to weather.
Skagerrak P50 3373 3452 Pandalidae, Myxine, Trisopterus, Pollachius virens Lost 4k rec after 17min.
Skagerrak P51 3370 3453 Cerianthidae bottom. Pandalidae. cerianthus lloydi. Biology:
Skagerrak P52 3370 3454 Pandalidae. pseudamussium septemradiatum. (P-51)
Skagerrak P53 3370 3455 Biology: Pandalidae. parastichopus. calocarides and possible juveniles swimming in hole.
Skagerrak P54 3370 3456 Parastichopus, Trisopterus,virgularia, kophobelemnon, Seapen garden bedrock at the end. Rich fauna. Sampled two rock with rich fauna at the end
Skagerrak P55 3374 3457 parastichopus,Pandalidae,cerianthus lloydii, Trisopterus, virgularidae red, Myxine.
Skagerrak P56 3374 3458 Seapen garden. Sampling stylatula cf
Skagerrak P57 3375 3459 cerianthidae bottom, burrows. sampling stylatula cf
Skagerrak P15 3376 3460 opp to små vegger med acesta, svamp, og novocrania. VME sjøfjærbunn siste halvdel med kophobelemnon, funiculina og virgularia. også en del parastichopus, munida og pandalidae.
Utenfor Lista P15 3377 3461 VME seapen garden hele veien, kophobelemnon, funiculina, og noe virgularia. VME koraallhage med isidella i flekker alle årsklasser. Flekker medgracilechinus og noe thenea. plukker 3 isidella. en god del knekt funiculina
Utenfor Lista Extra 3377 3462 VME seapen garden hele veien. Noe VME korallhage med isidella, alle årsklasser, mye små individ mot slutten. Sjøfjær dominert av kophobelemnon og funiculina. flekker med mye garcilechinus. OBS transekt utvidet med 100m (300m totalt). plukket en liten isidella.
Hardanger P53 3378 3463 Lophelia reef, madrepora. små paramuricea, noen paragorgia, clavularia borealis og anthothela grandiflora. Mye geodia, forskjellige arter og mycale. munida, asteroidea og cerianthidae i korallgrusen. Healthy reef.
Hardanger P54 3379 3464 VME hydrocoral hard bottom, dominated by stylaster and paramuricea. seastar collected. Sponge garden VME dominatedby geodia species and mycale. Lots of murida and lithodes. Live Lophelia reef, clavelaria borealis. patches of madrepora before reef. Litter.
Hardanger P55 3380 3465 parastichopus, Munida, pandalidae, Thenea. Some seapens, Funiculina, virgularia, spisskate (Dipturus oxyrinchus). eptmopterus spinax.
Hardanger P56 3381 3466 Brisinga,anthomastus, asconema . sampled brisinga and asconema

10 - Appendix 3 – Geologic summary

P nb R nb Video Back-scatter Video Grab/Push core Quality Notes
Utsira            
submarine dive + grab   VL3446     sandy mud, gravelly sandy mud, MSGC good Test dive at the submarine area, 2 surface samples taken from a grab, one for HI, one for NGU.
  Skagerrak            
P36 R3366 VL3447 strong BCB/SGCB, GSM, exp bedrock, - good line through 50 m deep bedrock fracture, GCB/SGCB on both sides of fracture, exposed bedrock on slopes, gravelly sandy mud mainly at the bottom of fracture, no PC taken due to very coarse sediments
P37 R3367 VL3448 strong sandy mud, exposed bedrock sandy myd good Line starting arouund 309 m in sandy mud. Steep climb up bedrock slope towards the west to ca. 200 m depth. 2 push cores from sandy mud and 2 bedrock samples from cliff. Sandy mud in hand sample from push core. Crystalline bedrock (gneis/mica schist) in bedrock sample.
P38 R3368 VL3449 medium sandy mud, bedrock, MSGCB sandy mud/mud good Mud with very minor sand and gravel in beginning and end of line (in video described as sandy mud), short interval of bedrock and long interval of MSGCB in the middle of line, PC taken from beginning
P145 R3369 VL3450 strong sandy mud, exposed bedrock sandy mud good Sandy mud alternating with exposed bedrock I steep cliff. Bedrock partly layered, probably Cambrosilurian. Massive bedrock may be larvikite.
P44 R3372 VL3451 weak mud   good mud at landing site, line aborted shortly after lift off due to bad weather
P41 R3373 VL3452 weak mud mud good 5 push cores for carbon analyses. 1: slighktly outside TM, 2: in old TM, 3: in fresh TM, 4: in very fresh TM, 5: outside TM, lost core 2 during retrieval
P50 R3370 VL3453 - sandy mud mud good sandy mud with burrows, push core for hand sample
P51 R3370 VL3454 - sandy mud   good sandy mud with burrows, a few TMs, a few cobbles
P52 R3370 VL3455 - sandy mud mud good push core for hand sample
P53 R3370 VL3456 - sandy mud mud good push core for hand sample
P54 R3374 VL3457 - mud mud good mud and burrows throughout, many TMs towards the end of line, push core for hand sample
P55 R3374 VL3458 - mud, exposed bedrock   good mud in the beginning of the line, intervals of bedrock in the middle and mud with scattered cobbles and boulders in the end, bedrock is often covered with thin layer of mud
P56 R3375 VL3459 - mud mud good mud with burrows, one push core
P57 R3376 VL3460 - mud, exsposed bedrock mud good Mud, but two intervals of exposed bedrock. Many TMs in the beginning. Push core in bottom of old TM at beginning of line.
P15 R3377 VL3461 - mud sandy mud good mud with burrows, a few gravelly areas, one push core. Change to sandy mud in the logger
P15 R3377 VL3462 - mud - good mud with burrows, a few MSGCB areas. Change to sandy mud in the logger
extra VL R3378 VL3463 - bioclastic sediments - good Coral reef alternating live coral mounds, dead coral mounds, coral rubble dominated by sandy gravel. One little bedrock exposure. Fishing gears.
extra VL R3379 VL3464 - G/GCB/bioclastic sediments sandy gravel good Mostly coarse sediments, with G(SG) and GCB(SGCB) for more than half of the line, some bioclastic sediments (shell and tube fragments) at the surface, comet marks. Bioclastic sediments (coral rubble, coral block and live lophelia) on the last third of the line. Sample taken with ROV spade.
extra VL R3380 VL3465 - mud mud good mud and abundant burrows throughout,
extra VL R3381 VL3466   mud/exposed bedrock mud good wreck at the beginning of the line. Line started with mud with burrows, then long exposed bedrock cliff with here and there some mud cover and burrows. 1 pushcore. Long line (c. 3h record, splitted in 2)